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Globally, 1.9 billion individuals have inadequate iodine nutrition, of whom 285 million are school?aged children. Universal salt iodization is the favored preventive strategy for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), the single largest cause of preventable mental retardation. Two thousand and twenty estimates show nearly 1 billion people do not consume iodized salt. When at least 90% of households consume adequately iodized salt (?15 ppm), a country is said to have attained USI. Only 23 countries had household coverage of 90% or higher. India has a household coverage of 76.3%. One 67 million people are at risk of IDD, 54 million suffer from goiter, and 2 million from cretinism. Yearly, 9 million pregnant women and 8 million newborns are at risk. Nagaland, with the second highest coverage of iodized salt in India, the study aims to assess the state?specific approach, track various mitigating measures that effectively sustained the gains of the program.
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Objective@#To investigate the status of iodine nutrition and prevalence of goiter among children at ages of 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province in 2021, so as to provide insights into the management of iodine deficiency in children.@*Methods @#A total of 90 counties (districts) were sampled as field survey sites from 11 cities of Zhejiang Province using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method in 2021, and non-residential children at ages of 8 to 10 years in these sites were sampled as study subjects. Subjects' household edible salt samples and random urine samples were collected. The iodine content in salt and urinary iodine level were determined using the direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry for evaluation of iodine nutrition among children. In addition, the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland was measured using ultrasound, and the prevalence of goiter was estimated. @*Results@#A total of 19 363 children were recruited, including 9 710 male children and 9 653 female children, with a male to female ratio of 1.01︰1, and there were 10 704 urban children (55.28%) and 8 659 rural children (44.72%), 9 149 children living in coastal areas (47.25%) and 10 214 children in inland regions (52.75%). The mean iodine content was (19.79±9.25) mg/kg in salt, and the coverage of qualified iodized salt (15 252) was 78.77%. The coverage of qualified iodized salt was significantly lower in urban children than in rural children (76.70% vs. 81.21%; χ2=68.301, P<0.001), and was lower in children living in coastal regions than in inland regions (68.05% vs. 88.27%; χ2=1 270.769, P<0.001). The median urinary iodine concentration was 195.1 μg/L, and the household iodine content in salt correlated positively with urinary iodine concentration in children (rs=0.383, P<0.001). There were 2 885 children with iodine deficiency (14.90%), 7 137 children with adequate iodine (36.86%), 5 414 children with excessive iodine intake (27.96%), and 3 927 children with iodine overdose (20.28%), and the distribution of iodine nutrition in children varied significantly in regions (χ2=283.277, P<0.001) and gender (χ2=126.349, P<0.001). The prevalence of goiter was 2.45% among 7 195 children receiving ultrasound examinations, and a higher prevalence rate of goiter was detected in urban children than in rural children (2.76% vs. 2.00%; χ2=3.962, P=0.047). @*Conclusions @#The overall urinary iodine nutrition was adequate among children at ages of 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province in 2021, and the prevalence of goiter in children fell within the threshold defined in the criteria of elimination of iodine deficiency. However, the supervision of the iodized salt quality remains to be improved and iodine deficiency control remains to be reinforced.
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Objective To explore the iodine nutritional status among school-age children within 5 years of implementation of the new salt iodine standard in Suzhou, and to provide a basis for dynamically adjusting the salt iodization strategy. Methods The observation period (2012-2019) was divided into two sub-periods: the adjustment transition period (2012-2014) and the adjustment completion period (2015-2019). According to the “Jiangsu Iodine Deficiency Disease Surveillance Program”, household salt samples and urine samples of school-age children aged 8 to 10 years were collected to detect the content of salt iodine and urine iodine. The coverage rate of iodized salt, qualified iodized salt consumption rate, and the median urinary iodine were determined. Results Totally 2 893 and 9 132 salt samples were collected in the adjustment transition and adjustment completion periods, with the median salt iodine content being 26.50 and 23.20 mg/kg, respectively. The iodized salt coverage rates were 97.03% (2 807/2 893) and 91.01% (2 633/2 893), and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 97.25% (8 881/9 132) and 93.93% (8 578/9 132), respectively, in the two periods. The differences between the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt between the two periods were statistically significant (χ2=38.465, P2 trend= 17.528, P<0.01). During the adjustment transition period, the median urinary iodine content of school-age children in Suzhou was 215.61 μg/L , and the proportion of urine iodine value <50 μg/L was 1.5%, while during the adjustment completion period the median urinary iodine and proportion of urine iodine value <50 μg/L were 192.60 μg/L and 2.40%, respectively. The difference in urine iodine between the two periods was statistically significant (Z=-9.918, P<0.01); Conclusions Five years after the implementation of the new salt iodization standard, the iodine nutritional level of school-age children in Suzhou was generally at an appropriate level. However, there was no significant changes in iodine nutritional levels in some areas after the adjustment of the new standard, suggesting that surveillance on iodine nutrition should be continuously consolidated in the future.
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Objective:To understand the salt sales situation and salt iodine content in the market of Guizhou Province 3 years after the system reform of salt industry.Methods:From August to October 2020, in 9 cities (prefectures) of Guizhou Province, 2 counties (cities and districts) were selected from each city (prefecture), 1 urban area and 1 township were selected from each county (city and district), 1 large supermarket and 1 farmers' market were selected in the urban area, and 1 small supermarkets or convenience stores were selected in the township, to check the varieties, place of origin and iodine content label on the package of salt sold, and different brands of salt were collected and sent to the provincial and county salt iodine laboratories. The iodine content was determined and analyzed.Results:A total of 18 large supermarkets, 18 farmers' markets and 18 small supermarkets or convenience stores were investigated, and 70 salt samples of 23 brands, 3 types and origin from 11 provinces were collected. Among them, there were 56 samples with iodine content of 21 - 39 mg/kg on the package. The iodine content range of provincial detection was 19.23 - 37.41 mg/kg (two of them were lower than 21.0 mg/kg), and the median was 25.75 mg/kg. There were 12 samples of two iodine contents (18 - 33 and 21 - 39 mg/kg) marked on the package, and the salt iodine range of provincial detection was 23.52 - 32.90 mg/kg, with a median of 26.55 mg/kg. One sample was marked with 18 - 33 mg/kg, and the iodine content of provincial detection was 25.20 mg/kg; the iodine content of 1 sample of non-iodized salt was not detected. According to the actual test value, iodine contents of 68 samples were within the range of packaging marks, accounting for 97.14% of the total. Taking the provincial test results as a standard, the absolute value of the relative deviation of the provincial and county test results was 0 - 27.45%, the average deviation was 7.65%, and the coincidence rate was 91.43% (66/70). The county test results were acceptable.Conclusions:After the system reform of salt industry, there are many kinds of salt which come from many provinces, and more than 97% of the salt iodine content which is within the standard range of salt concentration in Guizhou Province.
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Background: Goiter is one of the most visible manifestations of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) that is caused due to overstimulation of thyroid as an adaptation to Iodine deficiency. IDD is among the major public health threats and important micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 6-12 years school children in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh from February to June 2019. The sample size of 336 was calculated and a total of 504 children from government schools were enrolled in the study. The assessment of goitre was done clinically by inspection and palpation of thyroid gland.Results: In this study, 504 school aged children of 6-12 yrs from district Chamba with mean age of 9±1.86 years were included. The prevalence of total goitre rate was 16% with mean age of 8.75±1.37 years. The highest prevalence (%) was observed in age of 10 years (28.4%) followed by 8 years and 9 years (25.9 % and 23.5% respectively).Conclusions: This study showed mild goitre prevalence in school aged children of 6-12 years in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh. There is dire need of periodic survey to assess the magnitude of IDD in future.
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Background: Goiter refers to a diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland. It has a high prevalence in adult population in endemic areas where iodized salt is not part of the regular diet.Aim: We report the clinical profile of giant goiters seen in a tertiary hospital in Northwestern Nigeria.Methods: A prospective study of all surgically operated cases of goiter carried out in a tertiary health hospital in Northwestern Nigeria, over a period of 6 years between January 2011 and December 2016. Bio data, duration of goiter, symptoms, geographical location, thyroid function tests, radiological reports and treatment were recorded and analyzed.Results: Ninety-Seven patients were operated for goitre during the study period. Out of these 19 (19.6%) were giant goitres weighing between 900g-3200g. There were 13 (68.4%) females and 6 (31.6%) males with M: F ratio of 1:2.2. Age range was between 39 –71 years with a mean age of 53.2 years. Prevalence was high in the 41-60 year age group. Duration of goiter in 13 (68.4%) of patients was between 11-20years. Retrosternal extension was observed in 7 (36.8%) patients. Tracheal deviation was the most common risk factor for respiratory complication in all the patients followed by tracheomalacia in 8(42.1%). Postoperative temporary Tracheostomy was carried out in 4(21.1%) of patients. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 2(10.5%). No mortality was recorded.Conclusion: Respiratory complications are commonly associated withgiant goiters, a pathology that is entirely preventive if diagnosed and managed at an early stage
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Background: The coverage of adequately iodized salt in old Andhra Pradesh was 63.6%, which is below the national average. Despite of high coverage rural households were less likely to consume adequately iodized salt. Objectives were (1) to find out the use of iodized salt and practices among community and knowledge regarding iodine deficiency diseases (2) to test salt at the household level to assess level of iodine.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted from July to December 2016 in RHTC, Maddipadu, Prakasam district. Proportionate households from four villages of this area were interviewed for the purpose of study. Factors related to use of iodized salt in the communities like type of salt using in houses, storage practices, practices during cooking, knowledge regarding iodine deficiency disorders were assessed. The salt was tested for iodine using iodine rapid test MBI kits. The data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 version.Results: Most of households (68.5%) were between 25-50 years age, 68% wives were illiterate and 48.5% wives involved in labor work. Majority (83.6%) of the families were using iodized packed salt, 75% had adequately iodized salt with ≥15 ppm and 25% with inadequate iodized salt <15ppm. Association between illiterate wives and poor knowledge regarding iodized salt found to be significant (p<0.005).Conclusions: Specific education regarding proper storage, handling, duration and the importance of iodized salt needs to be implemented to increase community awareness and to focus on behavior change communication to bring positive attitude toward utilization of iodized salt.
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Introduction: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has beenrecognized as a public health problem in India Enlargementof thyroid gland is the common manifestation of the IDDand goiter prevalence survey is used as diagnostic tool foridentifying areas of IDD. Failure to undertake early detectionand intervention measure results in secondary disablingconditions. Aim: In the present study we have estimated theprevalence of goiter in the age group of 6-12 years in districtBandipura of Jammu and Kashmir state, India and haveassessed type of salt consumed by the population.Material and Methods: This was a Cross-sectional studyconducted in Bandipura district of J and K state and the studywas conducted between July 2018 to October 2018. Samplingmethod was Gender stratified cluster sampling technique andthe sample size was based on a goiter prevalence of 30% and95% confidence interval. 30 clusters were selected and eachcluster included 90 children. Data was entered in Microsoftexcel and then analyzed using appropriate statistical software.Data was interpreted using percentages, means and SD.Results: The prevalence of grade 1 and grade 2 goitre inmales was 35.6% and 15.1% respectively whereas it was30.8% and 15.1% in females and the prevalence was morein males to the extent of 52.08% and in girls it was 49.23%.Goitre was found to be highest (51.7%) in subjects 12 yearsof age and lowest (40.6%) in subjects aged 7 years of age.There was a significantly higher goitre prevalence in childrenwho consumed crystalline/non-iodised salt than in childrenconsuming iodised salt. The TGR was 61.4% and 46.9% inchildren consuming non-iodised and iodised salt respectivelyConclusion: We conclude our study with the finding thatpopulation of Bandipura district in the north Kashmir isseverely iodine deficient. We recommended a major thrustin the implementation of NIDDCP in the said district withregular and continuous monitoring of iodine status.
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With the increase of people's health concept,more and more natural healthy food appear in people's sight.The addition of seaweed iodine in salt not only meets the needs of human body function,but also satisfies the modem people's pursuit of quality life.There are many methods for determination and extraction of iodine from seaweed and preparation of seaweed iodized salt.The authors reviewed the measurement of seaweed iodine and the preparation of seaweed iodized salt.This will help to understand and appreciate the seaweed iodine extraction and the preparation of seaweed iodized salts.
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Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) constitute a significant public health problem globally. In India, the entire population is prone to IDDs due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the sub-continent and thus both animal and plant source food grown on the iodine-deficient soil. IDDs encompass the spectrum of disability and disease and include goitre, cretinism, hypothyroidism, abortion, stillbirth, brain damage, learning disabilities, mental retardation, psychomotor defects, hearing and speech impairment. Iodine deficiency is known to be the single largest cause of preventable brain damage. IDDs with their causal association with brain development, cognition, and learning disabilities impair the human resource development and progress of the country. The children born in iodine-deficient regions on an average have 13.5 intelligence quotient (IQ) points lesser than children born in iodine-sufficient regions. IDD control programme in India is a public health success story, with 92 per cent of the population consuming iodized salt. The partnership between government agencies, academic institutions, salt industry, development agencies and civil society has been key to achieve this success story. The sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency in India is within reach, what is required is accelerated and coordinated effort by all key stakeholder at national and State level.
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Objective To investigate the composition and pathological subtypes of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodule surgery in Guiyang in recent 8 years, and to analyze their influencing factors. Methods A retrospective pathological analysis of 4 262 thyroid surgery cases in Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University during the 2009-2016 to investigate the proportion of thyroid cancer and pathological subtype. The iodine content of salt was reduced at the end of 2012 in Guiyang. 2009-2012 as the pre down-regulation group(n＝1 572), 2013-2016 as the after down-regulation group ( n＝2 690), then comparative analysis before and after the adjustment of the iodine content of salt composition of thyroid cancer and changes of pathological subtype was performed. Results From 2009 to 2016, the proportion of thyroid cancer were 17.08%, 17.52%,15.65%, 18.58%, 19.80%, 29.35%, 35.34%, and 48.33%, increased year by year (P＜0.05). Thyroid microcarcinoma were 2.14%, 4.74%, 3.40%, 3.65%, 3.80%, 7.03%, 9.10%, and 25.95%(P＜0.05). The constituent ratio of thyroid cancer after adjustment of salt iodine content was higher than before. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the main pathological subtype before and after adjustment of salt iodine content. The proportion of female patients was higher than that of males. The age of patients with thyroid cancer after adjustmen was higher than before ( P＜0. 05). Conclusions In the past 8 years, the constituent ratio of thyroid cancer and thyroid microcarcinoma in Guiyang increased year by year. The reason may be related to the increase of radiation in the environment, the improvement of medical level and the higher detection rate of thyroid microcarcinoma. The relationship between iodine nutrition and thyroid cancer needs to be further studied.[Key words] Thyroid cancer; Thyroid microcarcinoma; Thyroid papillary carcinoma; Pathological type;Iodized salt; Iodine nutrition
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Objective To study the current prevention and control status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and learn the current situation of iodized salt consumption at household level in non-high iodine areas in 2015,this surveillance was conducted.Methods In 2015,according to National Surveillance Program on Iodine Deficiency Disorders,the surveillance was conducted at county level in 31 provinces,municipalities,autonomous regions (provinces) and Xinjiang Production and Construction corps (Xinjiang Corps).In each county city,district,banner (county),5 townships were randomly selected according to their sub-area positions of east,west,south,north and center;4 villages were randomly sampled in each chosen township;15 households were randomly selected in each chosen village.Edible salt sample was collected from each household.The iodine level in salt was determined by direct titration;the salt samples from Sichuan and other enhanced salt samples were detected by arbitration.Results There were totally 2 840 counties that reported the surveillance data.In total,849 193 salt samples were examined,including 845 906 salts determined by direct titration and 3 287 samples determined only by semi-quantitative detection.Weighted by population,the national coverage rate of iodized salt was 98.37％.At provincial level,the coverage rate of iodized salt was higher than 95％ except Tianjin,Shanghai and Shandong.At county level,2 669 counties had a coverage rate of iodized salt higher than or equal to 95％,171 counties were lower than 95％,and 31 counties were less than 80％.The national consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.57％ (except 11 counties in Tibet).At provincial level,the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was higher than 90％ except Shanghai (66.84％),Tianjin (79.14％),Tibet (82.09％) and Qinghai (89.22％).At county level,totally 2 633 counties had a rate of qualified iodized salt higher than 90％,and 196 counties were lower than 90％.The mean of iodine content in iodized salt was (25.37 ± 4.57) mg/kg.At provincial level,the means of iodine content in iodized salt were in the range of 23.51-28.95 mg/kg and the variable coefficient (CV) was in the range of 12.17％-27.37％,the CV was higher than 15％ in 24 provinces and Xinjiang Corps.Conclusions The coverage rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodized salt at national level are in a good condition.However,the problem of non-iodized salt is still serious in some provinces.
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Objective To assess the changes in iodine status and dietary iodine intake among Shanghai residents since common salt was iodized 20 years ago.Methods As-CE Catalysis spectrophotometry was used to determinate the urine iodine level in school-age children,pregnant women,wet nurse and adults of Shanghai between 1995 and 2015.B ultrasonic was used to determinate the thyroid volume of school-age children.And then the goiter rate was calculated.Direct titration or arbitration methods were applied to detect the household salt iodine level quantitatively.The survey was conducted by using 3 days 24-hour dietary questionnaire and condiment weighing methods to analyze the level of iodine intake and sources for the cases of all iodized salt consumption and all consumption of non-iodized salt.Results The median urine iodine concentration (UIC) of school age children was 72.3 μg/L in 1995,rose to 214-231 μg/L from 1997-1999,and then became stable between 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L since 2002.The goiter rate was below 5% among children aged 8-10 from 1995-2015 in Shanghai.The median urine iodine of pregnant women was between 126.5 μg/L and 139.8 μg/L.The median UIC of other populations were all between 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L: with adults,lactating women,infants and young children and women of childbearing age,the median urinary iodine was 138.4,123.1-131.1,150.1 and 125.6 μg/L.The qualified iodized salt at household consumption rate was 90% from 2001 to 2009,the percentage declined year by year from 2010.In the cases of all taking iodine salt,the median iodine intake volume for male aged 7-10,11-13,14-18 and over 18 was 200.3,235.5,252.7 and 215.4 μg/L;women aged 7-10,11-13,14-18 and over 18 was 193.0,213.8,208.3 and 186.1 μg/L.The contribution rate of iodine salt in the diet were 51.6%-54.1% and 49.1%-53% in men and women.Kelp,seaweed and fish and shrimp on the contribution of iodine are 7.6%-16.6% and 4.5%-7.4%.Conclusion In the past about 20 years,iodine nutritional status of residents in Shanghai has stabilized totally in a appropriate and safe level.However,the iodine nutrition of pregnant women was insufficient.As iodized salt is the major source of dietary iodine in coastal areas,it is still necessary to continue the policy of universal salt iodized in Shanghai to ensure residents'' needs for iodine and control the risk of iodine deficiency.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the effect of different levels of salt iodine content on thyroid volume (ThV) distribution using data from the 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) surveys.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Probability proportion to size (PPS) sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of 34,547, 38,932, and 47,188 Chinese children aged 8-10 years in 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national IDD surveys, respectively. The iodine content in household iodized salt and urinary iodine concentration were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was performed. The data were analyzed by SAS software using histograms and box plots. The skewness and kurtosis were calculated for testing the normality of ThV.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The median iodine content in household iodized salt dropped from 42.30 mg/kg in 1999 to 25.00 mg/kg in 2014. The median urinary iodine concentration of children aged 8-10 years decreased from 306.0 μg/L in 1999 to 197.9 μg/L in 2014. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of ThV in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 3.44 mL and 1.50 mL, 2.60 mL and 1.37 mL, 2.63 mL and 1.25 mL, respectively. The skewness and kurtosis of ThV distribution in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 1.34 and 5.84, 0.98 and 3.54, 1.27 and 5.49, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With reduced salt iodization levels, the median urinary iodine concentration and median ThV of children decreased significantly, and the symmetry of the ThV distribution improved.</p>
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Child , Female , Humans , Male , China , Iodine , Nutritional Status , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , Thyroid Gland , Diagnostic Imaging , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Community-based surveys are essential to monitor iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) program at both the state and national levels. There is paucity of information on population iodine nutrition status in Haryana state using standard methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in villages of Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project (CRHSP), Ballabgarh, Haryana, India. A total of 465 randomly selected individuals were assessed for urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by microplate method and household salt iodine content using iodometric titration. Of the interviewed households, 73% were using adequately iodized salt (≥15 ppm). Iodine nutrition was deficient in 17% respondents (UIC <100 μg/L); 20.2% among males and 13.9% among females. Iodine intake of the study population as measured by UIC was adequate but nearly one-fourth of households in the study population were consuming inadequately iodized salt. The availability and access to adequately iodized salt in the study population should be improved by strengthening regulatory monitoring.
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Background: Continuous monitoring of salt iodization to ensure the success of the Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program can be significantly strengthened by the use of a simple, safe, and rapid method of salt iodine estimation. This study assessed the validity of a new portable device, iCheck Iodine developed by the BioAnalyt GmbH to estimate the iodine content in salt. Materials and Methods: Validation of the device was conducted in the laboratory of the South Asia regional office of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). The validity of the device was assessed using device specific indicators, comparison of iCheck Iodine device with the iodometric titration, and comparison between iodine estimation using 1 g and 10 g salt by iCheck Iodine using 116 salt samples procured from various small-, medium-, and large-scale salt processors across India. Results: The intra- and interassay imprecision for 10 parts per million (ppm), 30 ppm, and 50 ppm concentrations of iodized salt were 2.8%, 6.1%, and 3.1%, and 2.4%, 2.2%, and 2.1%, respectively. Interoperator imprecision was 6.2%, 6.3%, and 4.6% for the salt with iodine concentrations of 10 ppm, 30 ppm, and 50 ppm respectively. The correlation coefficient between measurements by the two methods was 0.934 and the correlation coefficient between measurements using 1 g of iodized salt and 10 g of iodized salt by the iCheck Iodine device was 0.983. Conclusions: The iCheck Iodine device is reliable and provides a valid method for the quantitative estimation of the iodine content of iodized salt fortified with potassium iodate in the field setting and in different types of salt.
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Objective To access the effectiveness of withdrawing iodized salt on correcting the iodine excess in the population living in high iodine areas.Methods Before withdrawing iodized salt,2 twons were selected from each of 5 cities with water-borne iodine excess areas in Hebei province.All the selected towns were divided into 7 groups according to their iodine content in drinking water.Two villages wereselected from each group where urine samples of children aged 8 to 10 years old were collected to investigate the change of urinary iodine content of these children before and after withdrawing iodized salt.The urinary iodine content was determined using the method for determination of ammonium persulfate digestion arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).Correlation between children's urinary iodine and drinking water iodine was analyzed.Results Before and after withdrawing iodized salt,744 and 771 urine samples were collected from the examined children aged 8-10 years respectively.The overall median urinary iodine content (MUIC) of the examined children after withdrawing iodized salt (350.1 μg/L) decreased significantly than that of before withdrawing iodized salt (460.8 μg/L,U =3 127.8,P ＜ 0.05).After withdrawing iodized salt,the MUIC of the children decreased significantly in 8 of 12 villages (P ＜ 0.05).Before and after withdrawing iodized salt,the percentage of urine samples with iodine content above 300 μg/L was 76.7％ (571/744),58.5％ (451/771) respectively,with significant statistical difference (x2 =57.7,P ＜ 0.05).After withdrawing iodized salt,Children's MUIC also decreased significantly across gender and age (boys:558.5,351.6 μg/L,U =960,P ＜ 0.05; girls:522.9,355.5 μg/L,U =698,P ＜ 0.05; 8 years old:536.0,295.5 μg/L,U =529.5,P ＜ 0.01; 9 years old:386.2,323.2 μg/L,U =753.5,P ＜ 0.01; 10 years old:525.5,368.8 μg/L,U =521.5,P ＜ 0.05).The children's MUIC correlated positively with the median water iodine contert (MWIC) in the villages where they lived (r =0.951,P ＜ 0.01).Analyzed by linear regression,approximately 89％ of the variability in MUIC was associated with variability in MWIC.Conclusions Withdrawing iodized salt could only correct the iodine excess caused by consuming iodized salt in the population living in the areas with MWIC below 100 μg/L.In the areas with water iodine above 100 μg/L,intervention should be focused on seeking water with proper iodine content.
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Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status,thyroid function and the prevalence of thyroid nodules of residents using non-iodized salt in Ningbo City,Zhejiang Province.Methods In 2011,using typical sampling method,6 villages/communities consumption of non-iodized salt were selected as study fields and residents aged 6-70 were selected as study subjects in Ningbo.Urinary iodine detection,thyroid ultrasound examination and tests of thyroid function [free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)] were performed in all participants.Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry,and thyroid function was monitored by chemiluminescence method.Results A total of 1 177 residents agreed to participate in the study,482 were male,and 695 were female (including 2 pregnant women).The participants' mean age was (48.54 ± 13.98) years.The median UIC in all participants was 90.36 μg/L,and the proportions with a UIC ＜ 100μg/L was 56.07％ (660/1 177).Furthermore,the median UIC in male was 97.05 μg/L and in female was 83.84 μg/L,there was a significant difference in UICs between male and female (Z =-2.99,P ＜ 0.05).Similarly,significant difference in UICs was observed among age groups (x2 =99.34,P ＜ 0.01).Among the participants,19.88％ had thyroid nodules,with standardized prevalence rate of 13.95％.Furthermore,in male,11.83％ had thyroid nodules,with standardized prevalence rate of 8.11％,and in female was 25.47％,with standardized prevalence rate of 19.83％,there was a significant difference in the detection rate of thyroid nodules between male and female (x2 =33.25,P ＜ 0.01).Likewise,significant difference in the detection rate of thyroid nodules was observed among age groups (x2=49.65,P＜ 0.01),and there was a positive and significant correlation between the detection rate of thyroid nodules and increasing age (x2trend =44.22,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The residents who using non-iodized salt in Ningbo City are in the status of iodine deficiency.The detection rate of thyroid nodules is higher in female than in male and it has increased with age.
ABSTRACT
The iodine nutritional status of a population is mainly measured by urinary iodine excretion (UI) and thyroid volume determined by ultrasound (US). The surveillance of nutritional iodine levels in the Mexican population has been insufficient. Our aim was to determine the UI in random samples from adults living in an urban area. We selected a sample of healthy individuals over the age of 18 that were students, physicians or administrative personnel at our Institution and had no known thyroid disease. Thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound in all volunteers as well as thyroid hormones and antithyroid antibodies and a urine sample was obtained. One hundred and two volunteers with a median age of 29, participated in the study. The groups median UI was 221 μg/L,interquartile range (IQR)(135.0 to 356.8) and no differences were observed between genders: women had a UI of 218.0 μg/L IQR (129.0 a 351.0) vs. 223.0 μg/L IQR (138.0 to 374.0) in males, p 0.941. Excessive dietary iodine intake was established in 31.4% of all volunteers according to their UI, placing them at risk of thyroid dysfunction. It is fundamental to evaluate the national iodine nutritional status in Mexico. We discuss the current status of the nutritional state in the Americas, emphasizing that in Latin America and the observed tendency in the region to ingest a diet high in iodine.
El estatus nutricional del yodo en una población, principalmente es medido por la excreción del yodo urinario (UI) y el cálculo del volumen tiroideo por ultrasonido (US). La vigilancia nutricional del yodo en la población en México ha sido escasa. El objetivo fue determinar la UI en una muestra casual en adultos sanos que habitan en un área urbana. Se seleccionó una muestra de individuos mayores de 18 años, entre estudiantes, médicos y trabajadores administrativos de nuestra institución, sanos, sin enfermedad tiroidea conocida. A todos los voluntarios se les determinó el volumen tiroideo por US, hormonas y anticuerpos antitiroideos y se les solicitó una muestra de orina. Participaron 102 voluntarios, mediana de 29 años. La mediana de la UI del grupo fue 221 μg/L, rango intercuartílico (RIQ) (135.0 a 356.8), no hubo diferencias entre géneros, las mujeres tuvieron una UI de, 218.0 μg/L RIQ (129.0 a 351.0) vs 223.0 μg/L RIQ (138.0 a 374.0) p 0.941. El 31.4% de los voluntarios mostraron una ingestión excesiva de yodo en la dieta de acuerdo a la UI, lo cual los coloca en riesgo de sufrir disfunción tiroidea. Es necesario considerar la evaluación Nacional del estatus nutricional del yodo, en México. En el artículo se discute la situación actual del estatus nutricional en las Américas, haciendo énfasis en Latinoamérica y a la tendencia de la región a la dieta excedida en yodo.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Feeding Behavior , Iodine/urine , Thyroid Gland , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diet Surveys , Health Status , Iodine/administration & dosage , Mexico , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/administration & dosage , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
National iodine deficiency disorders control program needs to be continuously monitored. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from April-May 2011 to assess the prevalence of goiter, status of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level and to estimate iodine content of salts at the household level in Darjeeling district, West Bengal. Study subjects were 2400 school children, aged 8-10 years selected through “30 cluster” sampling methodology. Goiter was assessed by standard palpation technique, UIE was estimated by wet digestion method and salt samples were tested by spot iodine testing kit. Overall goiter prevalence rate was 8.7% (95% confidence intervals = 7.6-9.8) and goiter prevalence was significantly different with respect to gender. Median UIE level was 15.6 mcg/dL (normal range: 10-20 mcg/dL). About 92.6% of the salt samples tested had adequate iodine content of ≥15 ppm. Findings of the present study indicate that the district is in a transition phase from iodine-deficiency to iodine sufficiency.